߱ ͱ , 鷯 å ã , ߱ȸȭ å 쿬 Ǿ. ߱ȸȭ å ǥ Բ ѱǥ ҰϿ ־µ, ǥ ѱ ׳ , ߱ε ˾ ִ Ȯ 0% ϰ Ǿ. ֳϸ ڸ ߿ ѱǥ ̴. ǥ ٿ ۾ ÿ Ư õϰ Ǿ. ۾ ϰ Ǹ鼭, ູ ð Ǿ. ֳϸ, ˰ Ǿٴ ݵ ־, ѱ ̿ϰ Ǹ, и ߱ ݺ ξ ϰϴ ý ִٴ ȮŰ Բ 츮 ٸ 縦 ߰ Ͽ ̴. е ƴ Ǵ١ Ǵ ʴ١ , 츮 и ʾҴ١ ѱ ã ٰ ٽ ѹ Ȯϰ Ǿ ̴. , 츮 ѱ۹ڴ, ʹ ѱ ʹ ϰ, ° Ҹ ۷μ ǥϿ ο ִ ξ ǹǷ, ѱ۹ ڱ ֱ⸦ Ѵ.
å 鼭 ǥⰡ ź 1. ǥ . 13 2. . 14 3. ô뿡 ѱ۷ ߱ . 15 ǥ 1. ߱ Ҹ ȼҸ . 18 2. ϴ ǥ ΰ . 21 3. 2߸ Ǵ 3߸ , ѱ () . 23 ǥ ߱ 1. ǥ Ҹ ȼҸ . 27 2. н () () . 29 3. ߱ ڸ . 35 4. 2 ̻ ߱ڸ Ͽ ϰ Ǵ . 39 5. Ҹ ȼҸ , ߱ο ͼ ٰ ǽ . 40 ǥ⸦ ̿ ߱ - ߱ γ 1. ʼ 14 Ȭ (, , , , ) ̿, ٸ 2 ߱ . 44 2. ʼ (, , , , , )+(, , ) ̿Ͽ, ٸ 2 ߱ . 51 3. ߰ Ǽȣ R' ġ F' FF' ̿Ͽ ٸ 2 ߱ . 55 4. ȭ . 59 5. ӿ ߱ڸ о . 61 ǥ Ͽ Ǵ, ߱ ǥ ذ 1. ǥ ȯ , . 67 2. () ǥ . 69 1) ǥ e' ǥ . 69 2) Ϻΰ , ǥ . 72 3) U'θ Ǿ, Ȥ U' ȥ Ǵ 쿡 ǥ . 80 4) er' ǥ . 86 3. ѱۿ ǥ . 86 1) ǥ ġ f' F' FF' ǥ . 87 2) Ǽ, R" Ͽ ǥ . 88 3) x' ġ s' . 89 4. ߱ ѡ 濡 ǥ . 90 5. 3 ȭ . 92 ǥ ֿ Ģ 1. ù () ʼǥ Ģ . 93 2. () , Ģ . 95 3. ǥ ΰ . 97 4. ο ߰ . 98 5. ߱ , ǥ . 99 6. 漺 ǥ . 102 7. ܾ Ű , 3 4 ȭ . 103 8. Ư ܾ ѡ ȭ . 104 9. 3߸ , ȭ , . 104 ǥ Ǵ ȿ 1. Ǵ ȿ . 113 2. ȿ . 115 3. ǥ . 117 ε ѱۿ ؿ . 119 ʷα . 121 η: ΰ , 600 ڽý . 126