: ũ ư ũ ư(Chris Atton) Ʋ Ǿ (Edinburgh Napier University) 1999 Ⱦп ڻ Ҵ. 2003 п ̵ ȭ ̴. Ⱦ ַ ٷ ̵ , ̵ ȸ ġ, ̵ ̿ϴ ȭ Ѵ. ̵ ̿ϸ鼭 ǹ̰ , Ǵ ɻ. ֿ An Alternative Internet(2004), Alternative Media(2002), Alternative Literature(1996) ִ. : ӽ ع ӽ ع(James F. Hamilton) ̱ (University of Georgia) д(Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication) ȫ . Ӱ ǰ ִ ַ Ѵ. ü õ ĻӸ ƴ϶ ȭ ¿ ϰ ִ. ̵, ȭ ӵǴ ġ ӿ ƶȭ, ̷ȭ ɼ 籸ϰ Ѵ. ֿ δ Democratic Communications: Formations, Projects, Possibilities(2008) ִ. : ȿ ȿ ûִб к . , оߴ θ ġ Ŀ´̴̼. ֿ δ ȸ С(2006), ȸ ̵(2006) ְ δ ŽĿ´̼ ȿ (2008) ִ. ѱк , ȸ ̻縦 ѱġĿ´̼ȸ ̻, ̴. ûϵ Ⱓ, ȸ ϵ Ȱ ̴.